Objective: Interference control is used to overcome conflict among competing memory representations and may contribute to memory difficulties in ADHD. This meta-analytic review examined memory interference to evaluate susceptibility to proactive, retroactive, and memory control interference among those with ADHD.
Method: Twenty studies (1987-2019) examining verbal memory interference in ADHD met inclusion criteria (age: 8-36 years). Proactive and retroactive interference indices were extracted from list-learning tasks, and memory control indices were extracted from experimental paradigms (e.g., directed-forgetting).
Results: Children with ADHD were affected by proactive interference (=-0.53, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.31]), whereas no significant differences were found in adults (=0.13, 95% CI [-0.02, 0.28]). Adults and children with ADHD exhibited retroactive interference (=0.17, 95% CI [0.05, 0.29]) and performed worse on memory control tasks (=0.35, 95% CI [0.08, 0.62]) relative to controls.
Conclusion: Differences in verbal memory interference control in ADHD were observed but effects were different depending upon interference type and participant age.
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