In this study, we have investigated the influence of vitamin A on gill barrier function of grass carp () infected with The fish were fed different concentrations of vitamin A diets for 10 weeks and then infected with by immersion. We observed that optimal vitamin A significantly prevented gill rot morbidity in fish infected with . Further investigations revealed that vitamin A boosted the gill immunity by increasing the contents of complements (C3 and C4), activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and lysozyme, mRNAs of and and , , and anti-inflammatory cytokines like and . It also enhanced the levels of various related signaling molecules including and but downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including , and and related signaling molecules including (rather than (rather than and mRNA levels in fish gills. In addition, dietary vitamin A markedly lowered the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC), increased both the activities and mRNAs of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD), MnSOD, glutathione transferases (GSTs), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) associated with upregulation of mRNAs and downregulation of and mRNAs. Moreover, vitamin A decreased the mRNAs of different apoptotic mediators [ (rather than 7)] associated with downregulation of signaling molecule mRNAs in fish gills. Besides, vitamin A promoted tight junction (TJ) complex mRNAs [including , and ] that have been linked to the downregulation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) signaling. Taken together, the current study demonstrated for the first time that vitamin A markedly enhanced gill health associated with immune modulation and physical barrier protection. Based on protecting fish against gill rot morbidity, ACP activity, and against lipid peroxidation, optimum vitamin A concentrations in on-growing grass carp (262-997 g) were found to be 1,991, 2,188, and 2,934 IU/kg diet, respectively.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.833455 | DOI Listing |
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