A 58-year-old man was diagnosed with mycosis fungoides (MF) confirmed by skin biopsy for systemic erythema that appeared in 2006 and had been on psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy and topical steroids. In September 2017, he had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and received chemotherapy. Since March 2019, tumor stage MF with large cell transformation was observed, and chemotherapy containing brentuximab vedotin (BV) was performed, which yielded a remarkable response. During the preparation for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, bradykinesia, delayed response, and cognitive decline were observed. Head magnetic resonance imaging fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images showed hyperintensity in the deep white matter below the bilateral frontal cortex. The general cerebrospinal fluid test revealed no abnormalities and was below the sensitivity of JC virus (JCV) quantitative PCR. As progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was strongly suspected from clinical symptoms and radiographic signs, ultrasensitive JCV testing was performed. The test result was positive; hence, the patient was diagnosed with PML. Chemotherapy was discontinued, but his central nervous system symptoms worsened, and he died on the 135th day of illness. We considered that PML developed based on the underlying disease and immunodeficiency caused by chemotherapy such as BV.
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