Multi-residue determination of pesticides in vegetables and assessment of human health risks in Western Himalayan region of India.

This study was aimed to determine pesticides concentrations in fresh vegetables and assess human health risks in North-Western Himalayan region of India. Vegetable samples (n = 300) collected randomly from different agro-climatic zones were analyzed for 19 pesticides using gas chromatography. Pesticide residues were detected in 116 samples, of which 49 samples exceeded maximum permissible limits established by European Commission. Hexaconazole was most frequently detected in 9.3% samples followed by aldrin (8.3%), alachlor (5.3%), bifenthrin (4.3%), chlorpyrifos (3.7%), metribuzin (2.7%), β-endosulfan, ethion, β-HCH (2%, each), γ-HCH (1.3%), α-HCH, δ-HCH, malathion, heptachlor (1%, each), and α-endosulfan, pendimethalin in 0.7% samples. Human health risk assessment revealed that the percent contribution to acceptable daily intakes of pesticides via dietary intake of vegetables ranged from 0.014 to 39.4% in children and 0.003 to 9.85% in adults. Although hazard index values were < 1 but considering the concentrations of detected pesticide in samples, children were found to be at more risk. Since pragmatic investigations on occurrence of pesticides in vegetables and human health risk assessment from study area have not yet been worked out, so, this study highlights the importance of adopting good agricultural practices, awareness on food safety, monitoring of harmful chemicals in food commodities, and execution of food safety regulations to safeguard environmental and human health.