We are what we eat, plus some per mill: Using stable isotopes to estimate diet composition in vultures over space and time.

Dietary studies in birds of prey involve direct observation and examination of food remains at resting and nesting sites. Although these methods accurately identify diet in raptors, they are time-consuming, resource-intensive, and associated with biases from the feeding ecology of raptors like vultures. Our study set out to estimate diet composition in vultures informed by stable isotopes that provide a good representation of assimilated diet from local systems.We hypothesized that differences in vulture diet composition is a function of sampling location and that these vultures move between Serengeti National Park and Selous Game Reserve to forage. We also theorized that grazing ungulates are the principal items in vulture diet.Through combined linear and Bayesian modeling, diet derived from δC in vultures consisted of grazing herbivores across sites, with those in Serengeti National Park consuming higher proportions of grazing herbivores (>87%). δC differences in vulture feather subsets did not indicate shifts in vulture diet and combined with blood δC, vultures fed largely on grazers for ~159 days before they were sampled. Similarly, δN values indicated vultures fed largely on herbivores. δS ratios separated where vultures fed when the two sites were compared. δS variation in vultures across sites resulted from baseline differences in plant δS values, though it is not possible to match δS to specific locations.Our findings highlight the relevance of repeated sampling that considers tissues with varying isotopic turnover and emerging Bayesian techniques for dietary studies using stable isotopes. Findings also suggested limited vulture movement between the two local systems. However, more sampling coupled with environmental data is required to fully comprehend this observation and its implications to vulture ecology and conservation.