Structures, Occurrences and Biosynthesis of 11,12,13-Tri--Sesquiterpenes, an Intriguing Class of Bioactive Metabolites.

The compounds 11,12,13-tri--sesquiterpenes are degraded sesquiterpenoids which have lost the C unit of isopropyl or isopropenyl at C-7 of the sesquiterpene skeleton. The irregular C-backbone originates from the oxidative removal of a C side chain from the C sesquiterpene, which arises from farnesyl diphosphate (FDP). The C-framework is generated, generally, in all families of sesquiterpenes by oxidative cleavage of the C substituent, with the simultaneous introduction of a double bond. This article reviews the isolation, biosynthesis and biological activity of this special class of sesquiterpenes, the 11,12,13-tri-sesquiterpenes.