This paper presents concept, optical design, and the implementation of a novel, to the best of our knowledge, lithographic exposure tool for the fabrication of rotationally symmetric meso- and microscale optical structures using a variable ring-shaped light distribution. Compared to the conventional lithographic technique of direct writing in Cartesian coordinates, which is intrinsically suboptimal for the fabrication of rotationally symmetric optical structures, this approach allows for fast exposure and avoids disturbing stitching effects. The diameter of the exposure ring varies between 1.6 and 6.5 mm, and the ring width measures ∼75µ full width at half-maximum for all diameters. The basic capabilities of the exposure tool are demonstrated by the fabrication of exemplary meso- and microscale structures such as diffractive axicon elements, phase rings, Fresnel zone plates and zone plate arrays.
Integrating multiscale, multimodal neuroimaging data is essential for a comprehensive understanding of neural circuits. However, this is challenging due to the inherent trade-offs between spatial coverage and resolution in each modality, necessitating a computational strategy that combines modality-specific information effectively. This study introduces a dynamic causal modeling (DCM) framework designed to address the challenge of combining partially observed, multiscale signals across a larger-scale neural circuit by employing a shared neural state model with modality-specific observation models.
* It introduces a concept of specific interfacial area to assess solid-solid interactions at a meso-scale, and examines two interaction types—van der Waals and covalent—with a focus on their roles in enhancing electrocatalytic efficiency.
* The piece provides guidelines for creating effective solid-solid interfaces that boost electron transfer and stability, while also highlighting how interfacial electron behavior affects the electronic structure and activity of catalytic sites.*
The underlying changes of complex dynamic systems are affected by numerous highly interdependent components with nonlinear interactions and cannot be suitably predicted by merely analyzing their individual parts. Recent technological developments (reducing the size of actuators and sensors, increasing speed and productivity) make it possible to monitor and handle systems on time, even during transient processes. In many practical applications, to effectively study rapidly evolving systems, their structure has to be examined at three levels: Micro-Scale (Short-Term), Meso-Scale (Intermediate-Term), and Macro-Scale (Long-Term).
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China. Electronic address:
This study demonstrated that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)-derived Fe-NC cathode improved both methane yield and methane content in a microbial electrolysis cell-coupled anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) system treating waste activated sludge (WAS) fermentation liquor. Results revealed that Fe-NC maintained a meso‑macroporous structure with a large specific surface area of 1381 m/g and superior electrochemical properties. Its calculated specific capacitance and electron transfer resistance were 5.
We utilize the results of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based interdiffusion experiments on meso-structured substrates to independently validate direct observations of plasmonic enhancements on these elements. The plasmonic enhancement function (PEF) is crucial for accurately determining interdiffusion coefficients using this newly proposed SERS-based methodology. The substrates feature a microscale inverted pyramid geometry, coated with nanoscale sputtered gold.
