Rising CO and warming reduce global canopy demand for nitrogen.

Nitrogen (N) limitation has been considered as a constraint on terrestrial carbon uptake in response to rising CO and climate change. By extension, it has been suggested that declining carboxylation capacity (V ) and leaf N content in enhanced-CO experiments and satellite records signify increasing N limitation of primary production. We predicted V using the coordination hypothesis and estimated changes in leaf-level photosynthetic N for 1982-2016 assuming proportionality with leaf-level V at 25°C. The whole-canopy photosynthetic N was derived using satellite-based leaf area index (LAI) data and an empirical extinction coefficient for V , and converted to annual N demand using estimated leaf turnover times. The predicted spatial pattern of V shares key features with an independent reconstruction from remotely sensed leaf chlorophyll content. Predicted leaf photosynthetic N declined by 0.27% yr , while observed leaf (total) N declined by 0.2-0.25% yr . Predicted global canopy N (and N demand) declined from 1996 onwards, despite increasing LAI. Leaf-level responses to rising CO , and to a lesser extent temperature, may have reduced the canopy requirement for N by more than rising LAI has increased it. This finding provides an alternative explanation for declining leaf N that does not depend on increasing N limitation.