Early Antiretroviral Therapy in AIDS Patients Presenting With Encephalitis Is Associated With More Sequelae but Not Increased Mortality.

Background: Evidence on the optimal time to initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the presence of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) is scarce. We compared the impact of early vs. delayed ART initiation on mortality and neurologic complications at discharge in a Brazilian population co-infected with HIV and TE.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated data from 9 years of hospitalizations at a referral center in Manaus, Amazonas. All ART-naïve hospitalized patients were divided into early initiation treatment (EIT) (0-4 weeks) and delayed initiation treatment (DIT) (>4 weeks). The groups were compared using chi-square test and mortality at 16 weeks.

Results: Four hundred sixty nine patients were included, of whom 357 (76.1%) belonged to the EIT group. The median CD4 lymphocyte count and CD4/CD8 ratio were 53 cells/mm and 0.09, respectively. Mortality rate and presence of sequelae were 4.9% ( = 23) and 41.6% ( = 195), respectively. Mortality was similar between groups ( = 0.18), although the EIT group had the highest prevalence of sequelae at discharge ( = 0.04). The hazard ratio for death at 16 weeks with DIT was 2.3 ( = 0.18). The necessity for intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation were similar between groups.

Conclusion: In patients with AIDS and TE, early ART initiation might have a detrimental influence on the occurrence of sequelae.