Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy and INFN, sezione di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy.
Published: February 2022
AI Article Synopsis
Article Abstract
How irreversibility arises in a universe with time-reversal symmetric laws is a central problem in physics. In this Letter, we discuss a radically different take on the emergence of irreversibility, adopting the recently proposed constructor theory framework. Irreversibility is expressed as the requirement that a task is possible, while its inverse is not. We prove the compatibility of such irreversibility with quantum theory's time-reversal symmetric laws, using a dynamical model based on the universal quantum homogenizer. We also test the physical realizability of this model by means of an experimental demonstration with high-quality single-photon qubits.
Cuproptosis that utilizes copper ionophore to induce programmed cell death holds promise for enhancing the effectiveness of conventional anticancer therapies and triggering efficient adaptive immune responses. However, the non-tumor-specific release of Cu ions can induce cuproptosis and cause irreversible damage to normal tissues. To maximize the therapeutic effects of tumor-specific cuproptosis, this work reports for the first time the regulation of degradation behaviors of Cu-based nanomaterials using graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as a protection layer.
Departamento de Estado Sólido, Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México.
A prebiotic model, based in the framework of thermodynamic efficiency loss from small dissipative eukaryote organisms [1-3], is developed to describe the maximum possible concentration of solar power to be dissipated on topological circular molecules structures encapsulated in lipid-walled vacuoles, which floated in the Archean oceans. By considering previously, the analysis of 71 species examined by covering 18 orders of mass magnitude from the Megapteranovaeangliae to Saccharomyces cerevisiae[2], suggest that in molecular structures of smaller masses than any living being known nowadays, the power dissipation must be directly proportional to the power of the photons of solar origin that impinge them to give rise to the formation of more complex self-assembled molecular structures at the prebiotic stage by a quantum mechanics model of resonant photon wavelength excitation. The analysis of 12 circular molecules (encapsulated in lipid-walled vacuoles) relevant to the evolution of life on planet Earth such as the five nucleobases, and some aromatic molecules as pyrimidine, porphyrin, chlorin, coumarin, xanthine, etc.
Any homeostatic protometabolism would have required orchestration of disparate biochemical pathways into integrated circuits. Extraordinarily specific molecular assemblies were also required at the right time and place. Assembly Theory conflated with its cousins-Complexity Theory, Chaos theory, Quantum Mechanics, Irreversible Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and Molecular Evolution theory- collectively have great naturalistic appeal in hopes of their providing the needed exquisite steering and controls.
This study describes the synthesis of new carboxylated merocyanine dyes by Knoevenagel condensation between 4-carboxybenzaldehyde and indolium/benzoindolium- and benzothiazolium-based coupling compounds. The condensations were performed in the presence of ammonium acetate, and the products were obtained in good yields after simple purification. These merocyanines exhibit UV-A-to-blue absorption and blue-to-green fluorescence emission, characterized by relatively large Stokes shift values (∼5000 cm).
Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias (FAyA), Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), CONICET, Av. Belgrano Sur 1912, Santiago del Estero 4200, Argentina.
In the present work, the oxidation mechanism of di--butyl-hydroxytoluene (BHT) was studied in an aqueous medium through different approaches to have a thorough vision of the physical chemistry: experiments with cyclic voltammetry (CV), quantum chemical calculations, and simulations of CV. Calculations of thermodynamic parameters, such as p and standard oxidation potential ( °), were used to analyze and rationalize the CV experiments. Subsequently, different pathways of the mechanism were constructed, and the most thermodynamically favorable one was selected.
