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Diagnostic Decision-Making Variability Between Novice and Expert Optometrists for Glaucoma: Comparative Analysis to Inform AI System Design.
JMIR Med Inform
January 2025
Department of Systems Design Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
Background: While expert optometrists tend to rely on a deep understanding of the disease and intuitive pattern recognition, those with less experience may depend more on extensive data, comparisons, and external guidance. Understanding these variations is important for developing artificial intelligence (AI) systems that can effectively support optometrists with varying degrees of experience and minimize decision inconsistencies.
Objective: The main objective of this study is to identify and analyze the variations in diagnostic decision-making approaches between novice and expert optometrists.
Direct Observation of All-Flat Bands Phononic Metamaterials.
Phys Rev Lett
December 2024
University of Connecticut, University of Connecticut, School of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Manufacturing Engineering, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA and Institute of Materials Science, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
Flat lines within a band structure represent constant frequency bands for all momentum values (i.e., they maintain zero group velocity for all wave numbers).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExact Quantization of Topological Order Parameter in SU(N) Spin Models, N-ality Transformation and Ingappabilities.
Phys Rev Lett
December 2024
RIKEN, Condensed Matter Theory Laboratory, CPR, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
We show that the ground-state expectation value of twisting operator is a topological order parameter for U(1)- and Z_{N}-symmetric symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phases in one-dimensional "spin" systems-it is quantized in the thermodynamic limit and can be used to identify different SPT phases and to diagnose phase transitions among them. We prove that this (nonlocal) order parameter must take values in Nth roots of unity, and its value can be changed by a generalized lattice translation acting as an N-ality transformation connecting distinct phases. This result also implies the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis (LSM) ingappability for SU(N) spins if we further impose a general translation symmetry.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIdentification of Functionally-Relevant Lentivirus Integration Sites in an Insertional Mutagenesis Cell Library.
J Vis Exp
January 2025
State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University;
The extent of functional sequences within the human genome is a pivotal yet debated topic in biology. Although high-throughput reverse genetic screens have made strides in exploring this, they often limit their scope to known genomic elements and may introduce non-specific effects. This underscores the urgent need for novel functional genomics tools that enable a deeper, unbiased understanding of genome functionality.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGenerative artificial intelligence enables the generation of bone scintigraphy images and improves generalization of deep learning models in data-constrained environments.
Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging
January 2025
Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, Vienna, 1090, Austria.
Purpose: Advancements of deep learning in medical imaging are often constrained by the limited availability of large, annotated datasets, resulting in underperforming models when deployed under real-world conditions. This study investigated a generative artificial intelligence (AI) approach to create synthetic medical images taking the example of bone scintigraphy scans, to increase the data diversity of small-scale datasets for more effective model training and improved generalization.
Methods: We trained a generative model on Tc-bone scintigraphy scans from 9,170 patients in one center to generate high-quality and fully anonymized annotated scans of patients representing two distinct disease patterns: abnormal uptake indicative of (i) bone metastases and (ii) cardiac uptake indicative of cardiac amyloidosis.
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