Motion illusion-like patterns extracted from photo and art images using predictive deep neural networks.

In our previous study, we successfully reproduced the illusory motion perceived in the rotating snakes illusion using deep neural networks incorporating predictive coding theory. In the present study, we further examined the properties of the network using a set of 1500 images, including ordinary static images of paintings and photographs and images of various types of motion illusions. Results showed that the networks clearly classified a group of illusory images and others and reproduced illusory motions against various types of illusions similar to human perception. Notably, the networks occasionally detected anomalous motion vectors, even in ordinally static images where humans were unable to perceive any illusory motion. Additionally, illusion-like designs with repeating patterns were generated using areas where anomalous vectors were detected, and psychophysical experiments were conducted, in which illusory motion perception in the generated designs was detected. The observed inaccuracy of the networks will provide useful information for further understanding information processing associated with human vision.