AI Article Synopsis
- Granular particles can self-organize into ordered structures when subjected to external forces, showcasing a unique form of out-of-equilibrium assembly.
- Using magnetic resonance imaging, researchers examined how granular cubes change their internal structure during cyclic shearing, studying factors like order parameters and free volume.
- The process involves an initial quick formation of orderly local structures that later evolves into a denser packing, which exhibits strong vertical ordering while remaining more fluid horizontally, influenced by mechanical stability and entropy principles.
Article Abstract
Packings of granular particles may transform into ordered structures under external agitation, which is a special type of out-of-equilibrium self-assembly. Here, evolution of the internal packing structures of granular cubes under cyclic rotating shearing has been analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Various order parameters, different types of contacts and clusters composed of face-contacting cubes, as well as the free volume regions in which each cube can move freely have been analyzed systematically to quantify the ordering process and the underlying mechanism of this granular self-assembly. The compaction process is featured by a first rapid formation of orientationally ordered local structures with faceted contacts, followed by further densification driven by free-volume maximization with an almost saturated degree of order. The ordered structures are strongly anisotropic with contacting ordered layers in the vertical direction while remaining liquid-like in the horizontal directions. Therefore, the constraint of mechanical stability for granular packings and the thermodynamic principle of entropy maximization are both effective in this system, which we propose can be reconciled by considering different depths of supercooling associated with various degrees of freedom.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/ac5c22 | DOI Listing |
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