CTLA4Ig/VISTAIg combination therapy selectively induces CD4 T cell-mediated immune tolerance by targeting the SOCS1 signaling pathway in porcine islet xenotransplantation.

T cell inhibitory receptors can regulate the proliferation or function of T cells by binding to their ligands and present a unique opportunity to manage destructive immune responses during porcine islet xenotransplantation. We applied ex vivo porcine islet xenotransplantation and in vitro mixed lymphocyte-islet reaction models to assess immune checkpoint receptor expression profiles in recipient T cells, investigated whether CTLA4 or VISTA immunoglobulin (Ig) combination therapy alone could suppress porcine islet xenograft rejection and further analyzed its potential immune tolerance mechanism. Recipient T cells expressed moderate to high levels of CTLA4, PD-1, TIGIT and VISTA, and the frequency of CTLA4 CD4 , TIGIT CD4 , VISTA CD4 and VISTA CD8 T cells was positively correlated with porcine islet xenograft survival time in xenotransplant recipients. Combined treatment with CTLA4Ig and VISTAIg selectively inhibited recipient CD4 T cell hyper-responsiveness and proinflammatory cytokine production and significantly delayed xenograft rejection. SOCS1 deficiency in CD4 T cells stimulated by xenogeneic islets facilitated hyper-responsiveness and abolished the suppressive effect of combination therapy on recipient T cell-mediated porcine islet damage in vivo and in vitro. Further mechanistic studies revealed that combined treatment significantly induced SOCS1 expression and inhibited the Jak-STAT signalling pathway in wild-type recipient CD4 T cells stimulated by xenogeneic islets, whereas SOCS1 deficiency resulted in Jak-STAT signalling pathway activation in recipient CD4 T cells. We demonstrated a major role for CTLA4 and VISTA as key targets in CD4 T cell hyper-responsiveness and porcine islet xenograft rejection. The selective inhibition of CD4 T cell immunity by CTLA4Ig/VISTAIg is based on SOCS1-dependent signalling.