Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplements in Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection: A Meta-Analysis for Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported inconsistent results regarding the efficacy of vitamin D supplements in the prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARIs).

Methods: We investigated these efficacy results by using a meta-analysis of RCTs. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library in June 2021.

Results: Out of 390 trials searched from the database, a total of 30 RCTs involving 30,263 participants were included in the final analysis. In the meta-analysis of all the trials, vitamin D supplementation showed no significant effect in the prevention of ARIs (relative risk (RR) 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-1.01, I = 59.0%, = 30). In the subgroup meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation was effective in daily supplementation (RR 0.83, 95% CI, 0.73-0.95, I = 69.1%, = 15) and short-term supplementation (RR 0.83, 95% CI, 0.71-0.97, I = 66.8%, = 13). However, such beneficial effects disappeared in the subgroup meta-analysis of high-quality studies (RR 0.89, 95% CI, 0.78-1.02, I = 67.0%, = 10 assessed by the Jadad scale; RR 0.87, 95% CI, 0.66-1.15, I = 51.0%, = 4 assessed by the Cochrane's risk of bias tool). Additionally, publication bias was observed.

Conclusions: The current meta-analysis found that vitamin D supplementation has no clinical effect in the prevention of ARIs.