Continuous Lactate Monitoring System Based on Percutaneous Microneedle Array.

Lactate measurement is important in the fields of sports and medicine. Lactate accumulation can seriously affect an athlete's performance. The most common problem caused by lactate accumulation in athletes is muscle soreness due to excessive exercise. Moreover, from a medical viewpoint, lactate is one of the main prognostic factors of sepsis. Currently, blood sampling is the most common approach to lactate measurement for lactate sensing, and continuous measurement is not available. In this study, a low-cost continuous lactate monitoring system (CLMS) is developed based on a percutaneous microneedle array that uses a three-electrode lactate sensor. The working electrode has an area of 10 mm × 6 mm, including a 3 × 3 array of stainless-steel microneedles. The length, width, and thickness of each needle are 1 mm, 0.44 mm, and 0.03 mm, respectively. The working electrode is then plated with gold, polyaniline, lactate enzyme, Nafion, and Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly HEMA). The reference electrode is a 2 × 1 array covered with AgCl, and the counter electrode is a 2 × 1 array plated with gold. The sensor is incorporated into the CLMS and connected to a smartphone application and the cloud. The CLMS was tested on 40 human subjects who rode indoor bicycles, starting at 100 W and increasing in steps of 25 W at intervals of 5 min until exhaustion. The data acquired from the app connected to the CLMS were analyzed to determine the subjects' lactate response to exercise and the feasibility of assessing exercise performance and training exercise intensity by using the proposed system.