Reinforcement Learning-Based Reactive Obstacle Avoidance Method for Redundant Manipulators.

Redundant manipulators are widely used in fields such as human-robot collaboration due to their good flexibility. To ensure efficiency and safety, the manipulator is required to avoid obstacles while tracking a desired trajectory in many tasks. Conventional methods for obstacle avoidance of redundant manipulators may encounter joint singularity or exceed joint position limits while tracking the desired trajectory. By integrating deep reinforcement learning into the gradient projection method, a reactive obstacle avoidance method for redundant manipulators is proposed. We establish a general DRL framework for obstacle avoidance, and then a reinforcement learning agent is applied to learn motion in the null space of the redundant manipulator Jacobian matrix. The reward function of reinforcement learning is redesigned to handle multiple constraints automatically. Specifically, the manipulability index is introduced into the reward function, and thus the manipulator can maintain high manipulability to avoid joint singularity while executing tasks. To show the effectiveness of the proposed method, the simulation of 4 degrees of planar manipulator freedom is given. Compared with the gradient projection method, the proposed method outperforms in a success rate of obstacles avoidance, average manipulability, and time efficiency.