Therapeutic Potential and Nutraceutical Profiling of North Bornean Seaweeds: A Review.

Malaysia has a long coastline surrounded by various islands, including North Borneo, that provide a suitable environment for the growth of diverse species of seaweeds. Some of the important North Bornean seaweed species are , , (Rhodophyta), , (Chlorophyta), and (Ochrophyta). This review aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of North Bornean seaweeds and their nutraceutical profiling. North Bornean seaweeds have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, renal protective and hepatic protective potentials. The protective roles of the seaweeds might be due to the presence of a wide variety of nutraceuticals, including phthalic anhydride, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, 2-pentylthiophene, furoic acid (), eicosapentaenoic acid, palmitoleic acid, fucoxanthin, β-carotene (), eucalyptol, oleic acid, dodecanal, pentadecane (), canthaxanthin, oleic acid, pentadecanoic acid, eicosane (), pseudoephedrine, palmitic acid, monocaprin (), dictyohydroperoxide, squalene, fucosterol, saringosterol (), and lutein, neophytadiene, cholest-4-en-3-one and -vaccenic acid (). Extensive studies on the seaweed isolates are highly recommended to understand their bioactivity and mechanisms of action, while highlighting their commercialization potential.