Responses of cyprinid (Ancherythroculter nigrocauda) to flow with a semi-circular cylinder patch.

Flows in river habitats are characterized by unsteady turbulence due to the existence of woody debris, boulders and vegetation. As a representative aquatic species, fish is important for the riverine ecosystems, with its complex behavioural responses to turbulent flows. Previous studies investigated the fish-vortices interaction with vortex streets by placing objects with simplified geometries centred at the flow. Nonetheless, complex river morphology in natural rivers results in much more spatially heterogeneous flows due to randomly distributed obstructions. Thus, a semi-circular cylinder patch located on one side of the flume is used to mimic a vegetation patch at the riverbank. The patch varies in diameter (D  = 16, 20 and 24 cm) and density (φ = 0.04 and 0.1), whereas the flow velocity is fixed at 25 cm s . Fish are observed to swim in three typical patterns, which are "swim around" (pattern 1), "spill" (pattern 2) and "swim through" (pattern 3). For flow with a dense patch, all three patterns are recorded, but only patterns 1 and 2 are observed in sparse patches. It is noticed that in patterns 1 and 2, fish prefer to hold place in zones of low velocity and low turbulence. Moreover, variations in patch diameter have little influence on pattern selection. Results showed that tail beat amplitude (TBA*) in each zone displayed more variations compared with tail beat frequency (TBF). In addition, Spearman's rank tests revealed that TBA* is affected by none of the four hydrodynamic variables ( ), whereas flow velocity imposes the most influence on TBF. Both diameter and density of the patch displayed no significant influence on TBA* and TBF.