The interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily of cytokines comprises 11 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which play essential roles during the immune response. Several pathogenic pathways are initiated by IL-1RL2 (interleukin 1 receptor-like 2) signaling, also known as IL-36R, in the skin, lungs, and gut. IL-36 cytokines promote the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, upregulation of antimicrobial peptides, proliferation mediators, and adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. In addition, the IL-36-IL-1RL2 axis has an essential role against viral infections, including a potential role in COVID-19 pathology. The evidence presented in this review highlights the importance of the axis IL-36-IL-1RL2 in the development of several inflammation-related diseases and the healing process. It suggests that IL-1RL2 ligands have specific roles depending on the tissue or cell source. However, there is still much to discover about this cytokine family, their functions in other organs, and how they accomplish a dual effect in inflammation and healing.
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Introduction: Heart failure (HF) poses a substantial burden on healthcare systems and society, necessitating effective diagnostic tools for enhanced patient management. The soluble suppression of tumorigenesis 2 protein (Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenesis 2 (sST2)) has emerged as a promising biomarker linked to cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. This study investigates Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenesis 2 (sST2)'s potential as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for chronic heart failure (CHF) and explores its clinical utility in predicting outcomes.
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Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex clinical syndrome resulting from various cardiac diseases, characterized by weakened cardiac pumping capacity and inadequate blood supply to body tissues. This study aims to investigate the expression and clinical implications of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (pro-BNP) and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) in CHF to explore their potential in early diagnosis and severity assessment of the pathological condition. This study included 146 CHF patients treated at our hospital from January 2022 to December 2023, who were classified in the observation group, and 150 concurrent healthy people categorized in the control group.
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January 2025
Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, No.155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, China.
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The modulating effect of circulating carbohydrate antigen 125 on ST2 and long-term recurrent morbidity burden.
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CIBER Cardiovascular, Madrid, Spain.
Soluble ST2 (sST2) is released in response to vascular congestion, inflammation, and pro-fibrotic stimuli. In heart failure (HF), elevated levels of sST2 are associated with a higher risk of adverse clinical outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests that carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) may act as a ligand that modulates the inflammatory response.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCombination of sST2/LVMI Ratio and Modified MELD Scores Predicts Mortality in End-Stage Heart Failure.
Int J Mol Sci
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3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
Biomarkers are critical for heart failure (HF) management by facilitating risk stratification, therapeutic decision-making, and monitoring treatment response. This prospective, single-center study aimed to assess predictors of death during one-year follow-up in patients with end-stage HF, with particular emphasis on the soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2/left ventricular mass index (sST2/LVMI) ratio, modified Model for End-stage Liver Disease (modMELD), and Model for End-stage Liver Disease excluding INR (MELD-XI). This study comprised 429 consecutive patients with end-stage HF hospitalized between 2018 and 2023.
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