First report of leaf brown blight caused by Neopestalotiopsis formicarum on jabuticaba in Taiwan.

Jabuticaba (Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel) was originated from Brazil (Lorenzi 2000). The production of jabuticaba is growing globally as its value in the food and pharmaceutical industries (Benvenutti 2021). In August 2019, jabuticaba plants with symptoms of leaf blight were observed in the field at the Meinong of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. Disease incidence was 40%. Symptoms first presented as small, water-soaked lesions on young leaves, and then dark brown lesions of 1-3 cm in diameter on mature leaves. Six symptomatic leaves were collected from 6 jabuticaba plants for verifying the causal agents. Tissues (5 × 5 mm2) were cut from the margin of symptomatic leaf. Samples were sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 60 s, rinsed with sterile distilled water three times and then placed in 1% water agar in the dark for 5 days at room temperature. Resultant fungal colonies were purified by subculturing fungal hyphal tips on potato dextrose agar in a growth chamber (28°C, 12 h photoperiod) until fungal conidia appeared. The fungi initially produced white, cottony, aerial mycelium, after which concentric black conidiomata appeared on the plates after 7 days of incubation. The 5-celled conidia were fusiform to ellipsoid, straight to slightly curved, with sizes of 24.00-44.00 µm × 6.00-13.00 µm (avg. size, 32.00 × 9.37 µm, n = 120). The apical and basal cells were hyaline, and 3 median cells were pale brown and versicolorous. Conidia had 2-3 apical appendages and a conical basal cell with a truncate base. Based on the characteristics, which were common among isolates from diseased samples, the causal pathogen was identified as Neopestalotiopsis sp. (Solarte et al. 2018). Internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1α (TEF), β-tubulin, and large ribosomal subunit (LSU) DNA sequences were obtained from these isolates and deposited in GenBank (MN723897, ITS; MN813055, TEF; MN813054, β-tubulin; MN860104, LSU). Sequences demonstrated high sequence identity with those of Neopestalotiopsis formicarum ex-type cultures CBS 362.72 (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014): 99.44% for ITS (KM199358), 99.38% for TEF (KM199517), 98.86% for β-tubulin (KM199455), and 100.00% for LSU (KM116248). The phylogenetic relationship in Neopestalotiopsis species supported the identification of our isolates as N. formicarum. Three independent 3-isolate inoculation experiments were performed to fit Koch's postulates. Surface-sterilized leaves on live plants were punctured with a needle and inoculated with 5 µL of conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/mL). Inoculated plants were kept in a growth chamber (25°C, 70% relative humidity) for 7 days. Control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water and kept under the same conditions. Inoculated leaves developed brown lesions around wounds after seven days. The pathogen was re-isolated from diseased plants, following the steps used for the original procedure, with identical characteristics as the initial isolates. This is the first report of leaf brown blight caused by N. formicarum on jabuticaba in Taiwan. N. formicarum was recently considered as a new threat to jabuticaba (Gualberto et al. 2021). In addition, it has a broad host range on many tropical crops, such as guarana and banana (Gualberto et al. 2021). Neopestalotiopsis spp. have been reported to cause important economic fruit diseases (Gualberto et al. 2021). Therefore, N. formicarum may become the potential risk for fruit production of tropical crops.