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Executor () genes comprise a new type of plant resistance () genes, identified from host- interactions. The -secreted transcription activation-like effectors (TALEs) usually function as major virulence factors, which activate the expression of the so-called "susceptibility" () genes for disease development. This activation is achieved via the binding of the TALEs to the effector-binding element (EBE) in the gene promoter. However, host plants have evolved EBEs in the promoters of some otherwise silent genes, whose expression directly causes a host cell death that is characterized by a hypersensitive response (HR). Such genes are called genes because they trap the pathogen TALEs in order to activate expression, and the resulting HR prevents pathogen growth and disease development. Currently, deploying gene resistance is becoming a major component in disease resistance breeding, especially for rice bacterial blight resistance. Currently, the biochemical mechanisms, or the working pathways of the E proteins, are still fuzzy. There is no significant nucleotide sequence homology among genes, although E proteins share some structural motifs that are probably associated with the signal transduction in the effector-triggered immunity. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding TALE-type avirulence proteins, gene activation, the E protein structural traits, and the classification of genes, in order to sharpen our understanding of the plant genes.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031524 | DOI Listing |
Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi
March 2025
Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
To analyze a novel intronic variant in the SPTB gene and explore its effect on SPTB mRNA splicing. Clinical data of a child diagnosed with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) and admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University in February 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Whole genome sequencing was used to identify disease-causing mutations and the results were validated with Sanger sequencing, mRNA sequencing was used to determine the SPTB gene's mRNA expression level, and bioinformatics tools were used for splicing site prediction and analysis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Neuroendocrinol
March 2025
Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India.
Extra-retinal photoreception is common across fish and avian species. In birds, the hypothalamus contains non-visual photoreceptors that detect light and regulate multiple endocrine systems. To date, light-dependent control of seasonal reproduction is one of the most well-studied systems that require deep brain photoreception.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCNS Neurosci Ther
March 2025
Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.
Background: Gliomas represent the most aggressive malignancies of the central nervous system, with posttranslational modifications (PTMs) emerging as critical regulators of oncogenic processes through dynamic protein functional modulation. Despite their established role in tumor biology, the systematic characterization of PTM-mediated molecular mechanisms driving glioma progression remains unexplored. This study aims to uncover the molecular mechanisms of glioma, with a focus on the role of PTMs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicrobes Environ
March 2025
Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefecture University.
Ascetosporeans are parasitic protists of invertebrates. A deep sequencing ana-lysis of species within the orders Mikrocytida, Paramyxida, and Haplosporida using metagenomic approaches revealed that their mitochondria were functionally reduced and their organellar genomes were lacking. Ascetosporeans belonging to the order Paradinida have not been sequenced, and the nature of their mitochondria remains unclear.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Gen Appl Microbiol
March 2025
Program of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University.
Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum is a plant-pathogenic bacterium that causes bacterial wilt in economically important crops. Chemotaxis is required for full virulence in R. pseudosolanacearum.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!