Enhancement of the Mechanical, Self-Healing and Pollutant Adsorption Properties of Mortar Reinforced with Empty Fruit Bunches and Shell Chars of Oil Palm.

This study aims to produce mortar through the addition of oil palm shells (OPS)-activated charcoal and oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) hydrochar, which has high mechanical properties, self-healing crack capabilities, and pollutant adsorption abilities. The cracking of mortar and other cementitious materials is essential in anticipating and reducing building damages and ages due to various reasons, such as chemical reactions, foundation movements, climatic changes, and environmental stresses. This leads to the creation of self-healing mortar, which is produced by adding reductive crack size materials to form calcium carbonate (CaCO) and silicate hydrate (3CaO.2SiO.2HO, CSH). One of these materials is known as activated charcoal, which is obtained from oil palm shells (OPS) and oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fibres. This is because the OPS-activated charcoal minimizes crack sizes and functions as a gaseous pollutant absorber. In this study, activated charcoal was used as fine aggregate to substitute a part of the utilized sand. This indicated that the utilized content varied between 1-3 wt.% cement. Also, the mortar samples were tested after 28 days of cure, including the mechanical properties and gaseous pollutant adsorption abilities. Based on this study, the crack recovery test was also performed at specific forces and wet/dry cycles, respectively, indicating that the mortar with the addition of 3% activated charcoal showed the best characteristics. Using 3% of the cement weight, OPEFB hydrochar subsequently varied at 1, 2, and 3% of the mortar volume, respectively. Therefore, the mortar with 3 and 1% of OPS-activated charcoal and OPEFB hydrochar had the best properties, based on mechanical, self-healing, and pollutant adsorption abilities.