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Message: fopen(/var/lib/php/sessions/ci_sessionh8hd6eg3qmq1jj479l9e5lilk2mab6tj): Failed to open stream: No space left on device
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
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Filename: Session/Session.php
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Function: require_once
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Message: Undefined array key "choices"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Function: require_once
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 249
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Function: require_once
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
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Function: require_once
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 249
Function: _error_handler
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Filename: models/Detail_model.php
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Function: strpos
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Function: insertAPISummary
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Function: require_once
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Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Line: 256
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Function: require_once
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 256
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 256
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Function: require_once
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Message: Trying to access array offset on value of type null
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
Line Number: 256
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 256
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Message: Undefined array key "usage"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/index.php
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Message: Undefined array key "usage"
Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Line: 258
Function: _error_handler
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Filename: controllers/Detail.php
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Function: _error_handler
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Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
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Function: file_get_contents
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Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
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Function: require_once
Triple-negative breast cancer has an aggressive clinical course and its treatment has been challenging due to high metastatic risk. Molecular targets have been sought to provide better strategies for this type of cancer. Integrins are cell adhesion receptors involved in tumor progression and αβ integrin, a collagen receptor, has a key role in breast metastasis. Disintegrins, a family of proteins from snake venoms, selectively block the function of integrin receptors. Alternagin-C (ALT-C), a disintegrin-like protein purified from Bothrops alternatus venom, binds to αβ integrin, attenuating inflammation and angiogenesis, and decreasing metalloprotease levels in the tumor microenvironment, which suggests anti-metastatic effects. However, its mechanisms of action in metastatic tumor cells have not been fully explored. Here, we investigated ALT-C effects in a triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) to elucidate how αβ integrin affects cellular adhesion, migration and gene expression related to metastasis. We observed that ALT-C attenuated cell adhesion of MDA-MB-231 cells to collagen I. α integrin subunit silencing in MDA-MB-231 cells did not inhibit cell adhesion and migration to collagen I, indicating that other integrins play a crucial role in cell motility for this cell line. ALT-C also stimulated the metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1) expression and decreased metalloproteases MMP9 and MMP2. Therefore, we suggest that ALT-C contributes to impair metastasis, preventing extracellular matrix degradation and tumor attachment to collagen I, increasing MTSS1. This study is the first to elucidate the anti-metastatic mechanism involving a disintegrin-like protein from snake venom targeting αβ integrin and stimulating a metastasis suppressor.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.02.001 | DOI Listing |
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