Error Types of and Strategies on Learning Chinese Connectives: A Study on Chinese as a Second Language Learners' Writing.

The correct use of connectives has great influence on language learners' writing proficiency, while errors of connectives are common in foreign learners' interlanguages. This study examines the types of errors that occur in native English-speaking learners' Chinese writing, the possible causes for the errors, and the learners' consequent learning strategies. The present research adopted corpora investigation, questionnaire survey, and focus-group interviews to examine the error types, causes of identified errors, and related learning strategies. Data analysis indicated that: (1) the main error types made by native English-speaking learners from high to low are misuse, overuse, mismatch, misplacement, and underuse of connectives; (2) causes related to intralingual transfer greatly contributes to the presence of errors; and (3) memory, social, and cognitive strategies were the most preferred, followed by metacognitive and compensation strategies, and then by effective strategies which were the least preferred. These findings showed that different strategies can be employed to cope with different errors in writing. The study further suggests that teachers and educators need to help native English-speaking learners find strategies that work best for them in terms of learning Chinese connectives.