Ferroelectric-Relaxor Crossover and Energy Storage Properties in SrNaNbO-Based Tungsten Bronze Ceramics.

Filled and unfilled SrNaNbO-based tungsten bronze ceramics based on Gd doping were prepared using a traditional solid-state reaction method. Relaxor behaviors of the two different systems were analyzed, and the corresponding energy storage performance was also characterized. With the support of weakly coupled polar nanoregions and a non-polar matrix, an energy storage density of 2.37 J/cm and an efficiency of 94.4% were obtained in the SrGdNaNbO ceramic. A discharge energy density of 2.51 J/cm and a power density of 59.1 MW/cm further proved its prospect for practical applications. In addition, the thermal stability and fatigue resistance of the ceramic were also evaluated. At the same time, under the theoretical framework of a perovskite and tungsten bronze, the contribution of vacancies to the local structure and relaxor behavior was briefly discussed. Because the currently used ceramics do not contain easily reducible metal oxides, this work lays the foundation for the development of multilayer ceramic capacitors that use base metals as internal electrodes.