The sex difference of the volume and surface area of the human axial skeleton.

We assessed the sex difference in the volume and surface area of the bone using three-dimensional bone models generated from computer tomography images of axial skeletal elements from 110 Korean cadavers. The volume and surface area of all bones were significantly different between females and males. The accuracy of sex determination ranged from 55.6%-93.7% in univariate discriminant function analysis, with the second thoracic vertebra showing the highest accuracy. In discriminant analysis using paired bone combinations, 22 combinations of bone volume and surface area yielded > 90% accuracy in sex determination. The highest accuracy in the stepwise analysis was 94.7% when using the surface area of the ribs, sternum, and vertebrae for determining sex. This result shows a higher or similar accuracy than previous metric and non-metric studies using the axial skeleton, however, it shows lower accuracy than previous study which used volume and surface area of the appendicular skeleton. Nevertheless, this method might have advantage that is possible to determine sex quickly due to base on the computation with medical images.