Trends in quality of primary care in the United States, 2007-2016.

During the past decade, many reforms were proposed and implemented for improving primary care in the US. This study assessed improvements in quality of primary care, using a nationally representative database. We conducted a retrospective trend analysis of National Inpatient Sample data (2007-2016). The quality of primary care was assessed using Prevention Quality Indicators (PQIs), which consist of 13 sets of preventable hospitalization conditions. PQI hospitalization decreased from 154,565 to 151,168 per million hospitalizations during the study period (relative decrease, 2.2%; P = 0.041). Age-adjusted hospitalization rate increased for diabetes short-term complications (relative increase, 46.9%; P < 0.001) and lower-extremity amputations (relative increase, 15.1%; P = 0.035). Age stratified trends showed that hospitalization rates decreased significantly in all age-groups for diabetes short-term complications. For lower-extremity amputations, hospitalization rates increased significantly in younger age groups and decreased significantly in the older age groups. All other PQIs showed either decreasing or no change in trends. Adults aged 18-64 years should be the focus for future prevention attempts for diabetes complications. Identifying and acting on the factors responsible for these changes could help in reversing the concerning trends observed in this study. Existing strategies should focus on improving access to diabetes care and self-management.