A Double-Layered Belief Rule Base Model for Driving Anger Detection Using Human, Vehicle, and Environment Characteristics: A Naturalistic Experimental Study.

"Road rage," namely, driving anger, has been becoming increasingly common in auto era. As "road rage" has serious negative impact on road safety, it has attracted great concern to relevant scholar, practitioner, and governor. This study aims to propose a model to effectively and efficiently detect driving anger states with different intensities for taking targeted intervening measures in intelligent connected vehicles. Forty-two private car drivers were enrolled to conduct naturalistic experiments on a predetermined and busy route in Wuhan, China, where drivers' anger can be induced by various incentive events like weaving/cutting in line, jaywalking, and traffic congestion. Then, a data-driven model based on double-layered belief rule base is proposed according to the accumulation of the naturalistic experiments data. The proposed model can be used to effectively detect different driving anger states as a function of driver characteristics, vehicle motion, and driving environments. The study results indicate that average accuracy of the proposed model is 82.52% for all four-intensity driving anger states (none, low, medium, and high), which is 1.15%, 1.52%, 3.53%, 5.75%, and 7.42%, higher than C4.5, BPNN, NBC, SVM, and kNN, respectively. Moreover, the runtime ratio of the proposed model is superior to that of those models except for C4.5. Hence, the proposed model can be implemented in connected intelligent vehicle for detecting driving anger states in real time.