A qualitative approach to bridging and bonding social capital: Experiences of a cohort of Chilean older people.

With particular focus on availability of family care, research on relationships in later life have often emphasized dynamics inside homes and connections with direct family members. However, a growing number of scholars recognize changes in family practices and the prominence of different types of non-kin ties that are as important as family to older people. Connidis has proposed a sociological approach to capture the realities of personal relationship in later life. Informed by Connidis' approach, we apply qualitative lenses to study social capital in analyzing 40 semi-structured interviews conducted with Chilean people aged 60-74 years. We used a thematic analysis to examine the circumstances under which older people mobilize help through different types of kin and non-kin ties as bonding or bridging social capital. Though literature on social capital describes friends and family members as bonding ties, our findings indicate that they play a double role as bonding and bridging social capital in their own unique way, depending on circumstances. Friends, in comparison to family ties, bridge the older person with a variety of worldviews and lifestyles, helping them to advance their wellbeing in the face of life transitions and challenges experienced with aging. Study participants associated seeking help from others with notions of material and physical dependency, laziness, and a commitment to return help. The preference to seek different types of support from a variety of relationships can be interpreted as a way to manage ambivalence within a larger socio-cultural context.