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Paint technology, namely paint preparation and application procedures, is an important aspect of painting traditions. With the expansion of archaeometric studies and in situ non-destructive analytical methods, a renewal of technological studies is being observed in rock art. In situ analyses have several limitations that are widely discussed in the literature, however. It is not yet clear whether they provide accurate information on paint technology, except under certain conditions. Here, we evaluated digital microscopic and pXRF in situ analyses for the characterisation of a large set of red and yellow paintings from the El Castillo cave, Cantabria, Spain. We have set experiments and used statistical methods to identify differences between paint components and determine factors impacting pXRF measurements. We found that the compositional heterogeneity of the paintings' environment, especially variations in secondary deposits, was responsible for most of the differences observed between the pXRF signals recorded on the paintings. We concluded that the El Castillo cave environment is not suitable for non-destructive technological studies, but that more favourable contexts might exist. Following previous works and our own results, we advocate a combination of both in situ and laboratory invasive analyses for the study of paint composition and paint technology. Our research protocol, based on the comparison of rock paintings, their substrate, experimental paintings and Fe-normalisation of the signals can improve the reliability of pXRF results. We also propose to include more systematic characterisation of rock wall heterogeneity and the use of microscopic analyses in non-destructive approaches.
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Source |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8786193 | PMC |
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0262143 | PLOS |
Protein Sci
January 2025
School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Enzyme stability can be measured in a number of ways, including melting temperature, activity retention, and size analysis. However, these measurements are often conducted in an idealized storage buffer and not in the relevant enzymatic reaction media. Particularly for reactions that occur in alkaline, volatile, and high ionic strength media, typical analyses using differential scanning calorimetry, light scattering, and sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are not satisfactory to track the stability of these enzymes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Am Chem Soc
December 2024
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
Electrochemical liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (e-LCTEM) offers great potential for investigating the structural dynamics of nanomaterials during electrochemical reactions. However, challenges arise from the difficulty in achieving the optimal electrolyte thickness, leading to inconsistent electrochemical responses and limited spatial resolution. In this study, we present advanced e-LCTEM techniques tailored for tracking Pt/C degradation under electrochemical polarization at short intervals with high spatial resolution.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Sci Process Impacts
December 2024
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is often employed to characterize gas-phase compounds in both indoor and outdoor environments. PTR-MS measurements are usually made without upstream chromatographic separation, so it can be challenging to differentiate between an ion of interest, its isomers, and fragmentation products from other species all detected at the same mass-to-charge ratio. These isomeric contributions and fragmentation interferences can confound the determination of accurate compound mixing ratios, the assignment of accurate chemical properties, and corresponding analyses of chemical fate.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFData Brief
December 2024
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Large and complex karst catchments, like the one in Southern Dalmatia (Croatia) and Western Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), are fragile environments requiring careful protection and sustainable water resources management. Understanding the processes that influence karst aquifer water chemistry is essential for the effective protection of water quality and quantity, ensuring sustainable resource availability and minimizing vulnerability to contamination. A hydrogeochemical dataset comprising over 30 groundwater (springs) and surface water samples, was collected in this cross-border catchment area from September 2013 to September 2020, accounting for seasonal variations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Microbiol
December 2024
School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
Background: Different species of sea cucumbers in various regions have diverse preferred habitats and feeding habits. However, detailed research on the correlation between food selection and habitat preference of sea cucumbers, as well as their adaptive adjustments to specific habitat types, is still lacking.
Methods: A field study was carried out to explore the relationship between food selection and habitat preference, as well as the adaptation process, of the tropical sea cucumber Stichopus chloronotus, which has specific food preferences.
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