Gold and Platinum Nanoparticle-Functionalized TiO Nanotubes for Photoelectrochemical Glucose Sensing.

Developing stable photoelectrochemistry (PEC) glucose biosensors with high sensitivity and a low detection limit is highly desirable in the biosensor field. Herein, a highly sensitive and stable enzymatic glucose PEC biosensor is rationally designed and fabricated using a TiONTs/Au/Pt/GOx electrode. First, we prepared one-dimensional TiO nanotube arrays which could realize the orthogonalization of the light-incident direction and the carrier diffusion direction via anodization. Subsequently, we used the method of photoassisted deposition for anchoring Pt nanoparticles on TiONTs after electrodepositing Au nanoparticles. Among them, Au nanoparticles promote light absorption via the surface plasmon resonance effect and the separation of photogenerated carriers through forming a Schottky junction. Moreover, the Pt nanoparticles on the electrode surface can react with hydrogen peroxide (HO) generated from glucose (Glu) oxidation by glucose oxidase (GOx), accelerating the electron-transfer process during glucose oxidation and greatly improving the sensitivity of the glucose biosensor. As a result, TiONTs/Au/Pt/GOx exhibited excellent PEC performance, achieving a high sensitivity of 81.93 μA mM cm and a low detection limit (1.39 μM), far exceeding the performance of TiONTs/M/GOx (M = Au, Pt). Therefore, the introduction of Pt nanoparticles as active substances to promote enzymatic reactions is important for designing high-performance enzyme biosensors.