NFATc1/αA and Blimp-1 Support the Follicular and Effector Phenotype of Tregs.

CD4CXCR5Foxp3 T-follicular regulatory (T) cells control the germinal center responses. Like T-follicular helper cells, they express high levels of , predominantly its short isoform NFATc1/αA. Ablation of NFATc1 in Tregs prevents upregulation of CXCR5 and migration of T cells into B-cell follicles. By contrast, constitutive active NFATc1/αA defines the surface density of CXCR5, whose level determines how deep a T migrates into the GC and how effectively it controls antibody production. As one type of effector Treg, T cells express B (Blimp-1). Blimp-1 can directly repress and NFATc1/αA is necessary to overcome this Blimp-1-mediated repression. Interestingly, Blimp-1 even reinforces the recruitment of NFATc1 to by protein-protein interaction and by those means cooperates with NFATc1 for transactivation. On the contrary, Blimp-1 is necessary to counterbalance NFATc1/αA and preserve the Treg identity. This is because although NFATc1/αA strengthens the follicular development of Tregs, it bears the inherent risk of causing an ex-Treg phenotype.