Reproducibility and long-term stability of Sn doped MnO nanostructures: Practical photocatalytic systems and wastewater treatment applications.

Sn-doped MnO were synthesized as an oxidant, a mediator of maleic acid (CHO) and SnCl as doping ingredient via a basic sol-gel reaction with KMnO. XRD study signposts that tetragonal crystal structure of MnO (ICDD#44-0141) with a plane group of 12/m (87) for both pure and Sn doped MnO nanostructures. The photocatalyst synthesized has mesoporosity, allowing to the N adsorption/desorption experiments. The geometry of the materials varies from spherical shape in pristine MnO to a rod-like shape in Sn-MnO, as observed in the SEM and TEM pictures. To examine optic properties and energy bandgaps topologies, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was applied. In visible spectrum, overall catalytic performance of Sn-doped MnO was tested using methyl orange and phenol as dyes. The results suggest that the optimized Sn doped MnO (10 wt.%) catalyst showed higher degradation efficiency (98.5%), apparent constant (0.7841 min) and long term permanence. For this improved charge extraction efficiency, a potential photocatalytic mechanism was proposed.