Tuberculous meningitis with good outcome following appropriate timing of ventriculoperitoneal shunting for hydrocephalus.

Background: Tuberculous meningitis is often associated with hydrocephalus. However, the appropriate timing for shunt placement to treat hydrocephalus remains controversial.

Case Presentation: A 43-year-old man presented with high fever and disturbance of consciousness. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings showed pleocytosis, increased protein levels, and hypoglycemia with an elevated pressure of 30 cm HO. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed cerebral infarctions and hydrocephalus resulting in suspicion of tuberculous meningitis. A few days after admission, external ventricular drainage was carried out for acute hydrocephalus. Four antitubercular drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) as well as dexamethasone sodium phosphate were given. The CSF polymerase chain reaction test for tuberculosis was found to be positive 2 weeks later. Once CSF protein levels improved, a ventriculoperitoneal shunting operation was undertaken.

Conclusions: When tuberculous meningitis is suspected, treatment with antitubercular drugs should be initiated prior to definitive diagnosis, and a shunt surgery should be carried out in a timely manner.