Distinct -Specific Immunoglobulin Subclasses Are Induced by Different Stages-A Tool to Decipher Infection Stages.

Despite the existence of an effective medication against schistosomiasis, the disease remains a major health problem in affected areas, especially for those lacking appropriate sanitary facilities. Moreover, treatment cannot prevent re-infection since it is only effective on adult schistosome worms. Previous retrospective studies in the Sudan have discovered unique immuno-epidemiological profiles in uninfected individuals and those positive for via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) but egg-negative and those with eggs in their stool. Expanding on these data, serum samples from these individuals were further investigated for the presence of cercarial (CTF)-specific antibodies, which would indicate immune responses at the early stages of infection. Indeed, CTF IgG1, 2, 3 and 4 levels were significantly elevated in PCR individuals when compared to egg patients. Following multivariable regression analysis, including CTF-specific Igs, egg antigen (SEA)-specific and worm antigen (SWA)-specific immunoglobulins revealed a specific immunoglobulin (Ig) profile of individuals presenting different states of infection, which may be a useful future tool in order to identify egg individuals and thereby prevent unnecessary treatments.