Palatoglossus activity during nasal/nonnasal vowels of Hindi.

Prior electromyographic (EMG) research reveals a lack of agreement as to the role of the palatoglossus muscle in speech. Some reports have concluded that it bears primary responsibility for lowering the velum and that it actively controls velar lowering on nasal sounds in speech, whereas others have concluded that it acts to assist in the tongue-body movements associated with the production of back vowels and linguavelar articulations. To clarify these conflicting claims, EMG recordings were obtained from the palatoglossus (as well as the levator palatini) muscle of a native speaker of Hindi who produced CVC nonsense and meaningful syllables containing a nasal or nonnasal vowel in a symmetric consonantal environment. The results showed the following: Palatoglossus activity for the central and back nasal and nonnasal vowels was moderately to considerably higher than for the front nasal and nonnasal vowels. The levels of palatoglossus activity for the back rounded nasal vowels and for the front nasal vowel /e/ were comparable to those for the corresponding nonnasal vowels, while in all other vowels, the nasal vowels exhibited relatively higher levels of palatoglossus activity than their nonnasal counterparts. In all nonnasal vowels, the increase in palatoglossus activity occurred simultaneously with strong levator palatini activity. On the other hand, in nasal vowels, the increase in palatoglossus activity and the decrease in levator palatini activity were virtually synchronous for the front nasal vowels, while the increase in palatoglossus activity began much earlier than the decline in levator palatini activity for the central and back nasal vowels. This difference in temporal relationship between palatoglossus activation and levator suppression for different vowel types is important since it unambiguously supports the 'gate-pull' model (that is, active velar lowering) for the production of front nasal vowels whereas in the case of central and back vowels, nasal and nonnasal, the palatoglossus appears to be primarily involved in moving the tongue-body.