Ultrastable microwave and soliton-pulse generation from fibre-photonic-stabilized microcombs.

The ability to generate lower-noise microwaves has greatly advanced high-speed, high-precision scientific and engineering fields. Microcombs have high potential for generating such low-noise microwaves from chip-scale devices. To realize an ultralow-noise performance over a wider Fourier frequency range and longer time scale, which is required for many high-precision applications, free-running microcombs must be locked to more stable reference sources. However, ultrastable reference sources, particularly optical cavity-based methods, are generally bulky, alignment-sensitive and expensive, and therefore forfeit the benefits of using chip-scale microcombs. Here, we realize compact and low-phase-noise microwave and soliton pulse generation by combining a silica-microcomb (with few-mm diameter) with a fibre-photonic-based timing reference (with few-cm diameter). An ultrastable 22-GHz microwave is generated with -110 dBc/Hz (-88 dBc/Hz) phase noise at 1-kHz (100-Hz) Fourier frequency and 10-level frequency instability within 1-s. This work shows the potential of fully packaged, palm-sized or smaller systems for generating both ultrastable soliton pulse trains and microwaves, thereby facilitating a wide range of field applications involving ultrahigh-stability microcombs.