Mapping the Binding Sites of UDP and Prostaglandin E2 Glyceryl Ester in the Nucleotide Receptor P2Y.

Cyclooxygenase-2 catalyzes the biosynthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid and the biosynthesis of prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-Gs) from 2-arachidonoylglycerol. PG-Gs are mediators of several biological actions such as macrophage activation, hyperalgesia, synaptic plasticity, and intraocular pressure. Recently, the human UDP receptor P2Y was identified as a target for the prostaglandin E2 glycerol ester (PGE -G). Here, we show that UDP and PGE -G are evolutionary conserved endogenous agonists at vertebrate P2Y orthologs. Using sequence comparison of P2Y orthologs, homology modeling, and ligand docking studies, we proposed several receptor positions participating in agonist binding. Site-directed mutagenesis and functional analysis of these P2Y mutants revealed that both UDP and PGE -G share in parts one ligand-binding site. Thus, the convergent signaling of these two chemically very different agonists has already been manifested in the evolutionary design of the ligand-binding pocket.