Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals is associated with many adverse effects on human health, accompanied by oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of co-exposure to PAHs and metals on oxidative stress in healthy adults. A preliminary longitudinal panel study was conducted between 2017 and 2018 in 45 healthy college students in Caofeidian, China. Six urinary monohydroxylated-PAHs (OH-PAHs), ten metals, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 8-iso-prostaglandin-F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) were measured. Linear mixed effects (LME) models and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to explore the associations of urinary OH-PAHs and metals with 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α. LME models showed that most urinary OH-PAHs and metals were positively associated with 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α. For example, a one-unit increase in the ln-transformed level of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr) and vanadium (V) was associated with an increase of 143.8% (95% CI: 105.7 - 188.9%) and 105.8% (95% CI: 79.2-136.4%) in 8-OHdG; 8-iso-PGF2α increased by 118.9% (95% CI: 99.2-140.5%) and 83.9% (95% CI: 67.2-102.2%) with a one-unit increase in the ln-transformed level of 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (3-OHPhe) and aluminum (Al). BKMR models indicated the overall positive associations of the mixture of six OH-PAHs, ten metals, or six OH-PAHs and ten metals with 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α. Urinary 1-OHPyr and V were identified as the major contributors to the increased urinary 8-OHdG levels, while urinary 3-OHPhe and Al were the most vital contributors to the increased urinary 8-iso-PGF2α levels. The results revealed the longitudinal dose-response relationships of urinary OH-PAHs and metals with oxidative stress among healthy adults in Caofeidian; this finding serves as an evidence regarding the early health hazard caused by exposure to PAHs and metals and has implications for the environmental management of PAH and metal emissions in this area.
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