Palytoxin is a potent toxin found in zoanthid species, a popular decorative coral used in private aquaria. Inappropriate cleaning procedure may lead to palytoxin poisoning by dermal contact and inhalation of water aerosols, affecting several organ systems. This is a case report of three family members admitted to a hospital with symptoms compatible with palytoxin poisoning after cleaning an aquarium. One of them had remarkable respiratory distress and needed oxygen therapy.
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Coral Crisis: Palytoxin-Induced Keratoconjunctivitis in Marine Experts.
Cureus
October 2024
Emergency Medicine, HCA Florida/University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine Graduate Medical Education Consortium at Brandon Hospital, Brandon, USA.
Palytoxin (PTX or PLTX), a potent and rare marine toxin derived from certain coral species, poses significant risks to human health upon exposure, including the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. We present a case report detailing the experiences of two expert marine biologists who inadvertently came into contact with palytoxin while handling marine organisms in a controlled environment. Shortly after exposure, both biologists developed severe keratoconjunctivitis, characterized by acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHistory and Toxinology of Palytoxins.
Toxins (Basel)
September 2024
Center for Airborne Infection & Transmission Science, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
Article Synopsis
- * Research on palytoxins involves multiple scientific fields such as chemistry, biology, and environmental science, aimed at understanding their health risks.
- * The review covers the history of palytoxin discovery, their chemical structure, mechanisms of action, and summarizes various toxicity studies to enhance understanding of these toxins.
Palytoxin evokes reversible spreading depolarization in the locust CNS.
J Neurophysiol
November 2024
Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
Spreading depolarization (SD) describes the near-complete depolarization of central nervous system (CNS) neural cells as a consequence of chemical, electrical, or metabolic perturbations. It is well established as the central mechanism underlying insect coma and various mammalian neurological dysfunctions. Despite significant progress in our understanding, the question remains: which cation channel, if any, generates SD in the CNS? Previously, we speculated that the sodium-potassium ATPase (NKA) might function as a large-conductance ion channel to initiate SD in insects, potentially mediated by a palytoxin (PLTX)-like endogenous activator.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIsolation of ovatoxin-a from Ostreopsis cf. ovata cultures. A key step for hazard characterization and risk management of ovatoxins.
J Chromatogr A
November 2024
UNINA-DF, University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Pharmacy, Naples, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy.
Article Synopsis
- - Ostreopsis cf. ovata, a type of marine dinoflagellate, is spreading globally and causing harmful algal blooms (HABs) due to the production of toxic compounds known as ovatoxins, particularly OVTX-a.
- - The toxicity of these compounds remains unclear because there is a lack of high-purity reference materials for proper characterization and study.
- - Researchers have developed a refined isolation procedure for OVTX-a, leading to a notable increase in both yield and purity of the extracted toxin, which is essential for further research and understanding of its toxicity.
Investigating the etiology of Haff disease: Optimization and validation of a sensitive LC-MS/MS method for palytoxins analysis in directly associated freshwater and marine food samples from Brazil.
Food Res Int
August 2024
Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi, 88034-001 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil. Electronic address:
Haff disease typically develops after eating contaminated marine or freshwater species, especially fish. Despite still having an unknown etiology, recent reports have suggested its possible correlation with palytoxins. Therefore, the present work aimed to optimize and perform a validation of a sensitive method using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the analysis of palytoxin and some of its analogs, with the main purpose of investigating their presence in marine and freshwater food samples associated with Haff disease in Brazil.
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