Buckwheat ( genus, Polygonaceae), is an annual or perennial, herbaceous or semi-shrub dicotyledonous plant. There are mainly three cultivated buckwheat species, common buckwheat ( is widely cultivated in Asia, Europe, and America, while Tartary buckwheat () and (also known as ) are mainly cultivated in China. The genus is taxonomically confusing due to the complex phenotypes of different species. In this study, the chloroplast (cp) genomes of three species, , , , were sequenced, and five published cp genomes of were retrieved for comparative analyses. We determined the sequence differentiation, repeated sequences of the cp genomes, and the phylogeny of species. The eight cp genomes ranged, gene number, gene order, and GC content were presented. Most of variations of species cp genomes existed in the LSC and SSC regions. Among eight chloroplast genomes, six variable regions (-, , , , , and ) were detected as promising DNA barcodes. In addition, a total of 66 different SSR (simple sequence repeats) types were found in the eight species, ranging from 8 to 16 bp. Interestingly, many SSRs showed significant differences especially in some photosystem genes, which provided valuable information for understanding the differences in light adaptation among different species. Genus has shown a typical branch that is distinguished from the , , and , which supports the unique taxonomic status in among the Polygonaceae. In addition, phylogenetic analysis based on the cp genomes strongly supported the division of eight species into two independent evolutionary directions, suggesting that the separation of cymosum group and urophyllum group may be earlier than the flower type differentiation in plants. The results of the chloroplast-based phylogenetic tree were further supported by the and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences of 17 species, which may help to further anchor the taxonomic status of other members in the urophyllum group in . This study provides valuable information and high-quality cp genomes for identifying species and evolutionary analysis for future research.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.799904 | DOI Listing |
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