Constituents of fine particulate matter and asthma in 6 low- and middle-income countries.

Background: Evidence concerning the effects of different chemical components of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM) on asthma is limited, and the methodology to compare the relative importance of different PM components is lacking.

Objective: Our aim was to examine the associations between PM components and asthma and investigate which constituent of PM possessed the most harmful effect on asthma.

Methods: A total of 45,690 subjects in 6 countries were surveyed from 2007 to 2010. We geocoded the residential community addresses of the participants and used satellite remote sensing and chemical transport modeling to estimate their annual average concentrations of PM constituents. Mixed-effects generalized additive models were utilized to examine the associations between PM constituents and prevalence of asthma. We further used counterfactual analyses to determine the potential number of asthma cases.

Results: We identified 6178 patients with asthma among the participants, producing an asthma prevalence of 13.5%. The odds ratio for asthma associated with per-SD increment was 1.12 for PM mass, 1.12 for organic carbon, 1.18 for black carbon, 1.19 for sulfate, 1.28 for ammonium, and 1.21 for nitrate after controlling for potential confounders. Our counterfactual analyses suggested that ammonium was responsible for a substantial decline in asthma cases (by 1382 cases, corresponding to 22.37% of overall cases) if the concentration was reduced to the 5th percentile of the current level.

Conclusions: Our study suggests that some chemical components of PM (including black carbon, organic carbon, sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate) might be hazardous constituents contributing to the prevalence of asthma; among them, ammonium might be responsible for a substantial proportion of asthma cases if reduced to a certain level.