Assessment tools and rehabilitation treatments for aprosodia following acquired brain injury: A scoping review.

Background: Acquired brain injury (ABI), especially to the right hemisphere, can result in difficulty using or understanding prosodic contours in speech. Prosody is used to convey emotional connotation or linguistic intent and includes pitch, loudness, rate, and voice quality. A disorder in the comprehension or production of prosody is known as aprosodia; despite the communication disability caused by prosodic disorders, the assessment and treatment of aprosodia following ABI has received scant attention.

Aims: The aim of this scoping review is to gather and synthesise useful knowledge on aprosodia and provide therapists with an exhaustive document in order to guide clinical decision-making encouraging active identification and treatment of this disorder.

Methods & Procedures: This scoping review, conducted in accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, investigated the existing literature concerning the assessment and treatments of linguistic and affective aprosodia in adult patients after ABI. A systematic search in four electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, ScienceDirect) was conducted for articles written in English, French, or Italian published between 1970 and 2020. After all evaluative criteria were applied, 15 articles were included for final review.

Outcomes & Results: Results show the presence of six assessment tools for affective aprosodia and five evaluation tools targeting affective and linguistic prosody. Assessment of aprosodia is generally accomplished through acoustic and perceptual approaches. Current treatments for prosodic disorders focus on expressive aprosodia and have applied mostly two different approaches: imitative and cognitive-linguistic methods.

Conclusion & Implications: Findings suggest that aprosodia can be assessed by therapists through various techniques and may be amenable to behavioural treatments. Nevertheless, although there are several assessment tools available, no one currently offers a comprehensive assessment that incorporates an ecological dimension. It therefore seems necessary to continue research in this direction. The rehabilitation of receptive prosody abilities also remains to be explored.

What This Paper Adds: What is already known on the subject Prosody has a fundamental role in communication and conveys speakers' intentions and emotions. Therefore, a deficit of prosody (aprosodia) after acquired brain injury can reduce social participation and engagement. Assessment tools and rehabilitation treatments are necessary in order to improve this disorder and patients' quality of life. What this paper adds to existing knowledge The evaluation tools currently available focuses mostly on affective aprosodia, whereas the linguistic prosody is less assessed. There exist two treatments for expressive aprosodia: motoric-imitative and cognitive-linguistic treatments; however, their efficacy is tested on small groups of patients. No treatments targeting receptive aprosodia were found. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? We need more sensitive and reliable tools and systematic evaluations of all the components of prosody (affective and linguistic, receptive and expressive prosody). We need researches who analyse bigger samples of patients after right hemisphere brain injury and we identified the need of more well-designed studies and better understanding of the pathophysiology of aprosodia.