Fungal Species Causing Maize Leaf Blight in Different Agro-Ecologies in India.

Foliar diseases of maize cause severe economic losses in India and around the world. The increasing severity of maize leaf blight (MLB) over the past ten years necessitates rigorous identification and characterization of MLB-causing pathogens from different maize production zones to ensure the success of resistance breeding programs and the selection of appropriate disease management strategies. Although is the primary pathogen causing MLB in India, other related genera such as , , and , and a taxonomically distant genus, , are known to infect maize in other countries. To investigate the diversity of pathogens associated with MLB in India, 350 symptomatic leaf samples were collected between 2016 and 2018, from 20 MLB hotspots in nine states representing six ecological zones where maize is grown in India. Twenty representative fungal isolates causing MLB symptoms were characterized based on cultural, pathogenic, and molecular variability. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase () gene sequence-based phylogenies showed that the majority of isolates (13/20) were . There were also two isolates, and one isolate each of , , , an unknown sp. isolate phylogenetically close to , and an sp. isolate. The , the aforesaid four species, and the sp. are the first reports of these fungi causing MLB in India. Pathogenicity tests on maize plants showed that isolates identified as spp. and sp. generally caused more severe MLB symptoms than those identified as spp. The diversity of fungi causing MLB, types of lesions, and variation in disease severity by different isolates described in this study provide baseline information for further investigations on MLB disease distribution, diagnosis, and management in India.