https://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/efetch.fcgi?db=pubmed&id=34956998&retmode=xml&tool=Litmetric&email=readroberts32@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09<?xml version="1.0" ?>
<!DOCTYPE PubmedArticleSet PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD PubMedArticle, 1st January 2024//EN" "https://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/ncbi/pubmed/out/pubmed_240101.dtd">
<PubmedArticleSet>
<PubmedArticle><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM" IndexingMethod="Automated"><PMID Version="1">34956998</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2022</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>05</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2022</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>05</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2296-2565</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>9</Volume><PubDate><Year>2021</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Frontiers in public health</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Front Public Health</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Correlates of Social Isolation Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><StartPage>702965</StartPage><MedlinePgn>702965</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="pii" ValidYN="Y">702965</ELocationID><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.3389/fpubh.2021.702965</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText><b>Background:</b> The past year has severely curtailed social interactions among older adults given their high rates of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. This study examined social, behavioral, and medical correlates of social isolation among community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and stratified findings to explore unique differences in two typically neglected populations, African American and Hispanic older adults. <b>Methods:</b> Working with community-based organizations and senior living centers, the research team administered a survey to older adults 55 years of age and older (<i>n</i> = 575). The survey assessed COVID-19 prevention behaviors, medical conditions, and lived experiences, including feelings of social isolation, in the target population. Responses to a previously validated social isolation question informed a dichotomous social isolation dependent variable. Multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for sociodemographic characteristics, medical conditions, unmet caregiving needs, and COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Results from the regression model were stratified by race/ethnicity to examine correlates of social isolation in African American and Hispanic older adults, separately. <b>Results:</b> Overall, female sex and a higher level of education were also positively associated with social isolation (OR = 2.46, <i>p</i> = 0.04; OR = 5.49, <i>p</i> = 0.02) while having insurance exhibited an inverse relationship (OR = 0.25, <i>p</i> = 0.03). Unmet caregiving needs were strongly associated with social isolation (OR = 6.41, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) as was having any chronic conditions (OR = 2.99, <i>p</i> = 0.02). Diabetes was the single strongest chronic condition predictor of social isolation. Among minority older adults, a different pattern emerged. For Hispanic older adults, language, unmet caregiving needs, and social distancing were strongly associated with social isolation; while unmet caregiving needs, having 1+ chronic conditions and adhering to social distancing guidelines were significant predictors in African American older adults. <b>Conclusion:</b> These findings suggest that social isolation affects older adults in a myriad of ways and support the need for culturally sensitive initiatives to mitigate the effect of social isolation in these vulnerable populations.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>Copyright &#xa9; 2021 Adepoju, Chae, Woodard, Smith, Herrera, Han, Howard, Dobbins and Ory.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Adepoju</LastName><ForeName>Omolola E</ForeName><Initials>OE</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Systems and Population Health Sciences, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Humana Integrated Health System Sciences Institute, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chae</LastName><ForeName>Minji</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Humana Integrated Health System Sciences Institute, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Woodard</LastName><ForeName>LeChauncy</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Systems and Population Health Sciences, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Humana Integrated Health System Sciences Institute, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Smith</LastName><ForeName>Kendra L</ForeName><Initials>KL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Health Systems and Population Health Sciences, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Humana Integrated Health System Sciences Institute, University of Houston College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Herrera</LastName><ForeName>Luz</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Texas A&amp;M University School of Law, Fort Worth, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Han</LastName><ForeName>Daikwon</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&amp;M School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Howard</LastName><ForeName>Daniel L</ForeName><Initials>DL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dobbins</LastName><ForeName>Jessica</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Office of Health Affairs and Advocacy, Humana Inc., Louisville, KY, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ory</LastName><ForeName>Marcia</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Population Health and Aging, Texas A&amp;M School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Texas A&amp;M School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2021</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>10</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Switzerland</Country><MedlineTA>Front Public Health</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101616579</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2296-2565</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086382" MajorTopicYN="Y">COVID-19</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D057187" MajorTopicYN="N">Independent Living</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D058873" MajorTopicYN="N">Pandemics</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000086402" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS-CoV-2</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012934" MajorTopicYN="N">Social Isolation</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">COVID-19</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">aging</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">loneliness</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">racial/ethnic differences</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">social isolation</Keyword></KeywordList><CoiStatement>JD is employed with Humana Inc. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</CoiStatement></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2021</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>30</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2021</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2021</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>27</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>33</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2021</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>28</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2022</Year><Month>1</Month><Day>6</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pmc-release"><Year>2021</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>10</Day></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>epublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">34956998</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC8702646</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3389/fpubh.2021.702965</ArticleId></ArticleIdList><ReferenceList><Reference><Citation>Rochon PA, Wu W, Giannakeas V, Stall NM. The missing pieces of the COVID-19 puzzle. J Am Geriatr Soc. (2020) 68:1671&#x2013;3. 10.1111/jgs.16646</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1111/jgs.16646</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7323433</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32535896</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>COVID-NET . Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19-Associated Hospitalizations. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; (2021).</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Elflein J. Number of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Deaths in the U.S. as of November 24, 2021, by age*. (2021). Available online at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1191568/reported-deaths-from-covid-by-age-us/ (accessed April 14, 2021).</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Kaplan D, Berkman B. Older Adults Living Alone. Kenilworth, NJ: Merck Manual, Professional Version Merck &amp; Co, Inc. (2019).</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Hwang TJ, Rabheru K, Peisah C, Reichman W, Ikeda M. Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Psychogeriatr. (2020) 32:1217&#x2013;20. 10.1017/S1041610220000988</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1017/S1041610220000988</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7306546</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32450943</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Plagg B, Engl A, Piccoliori G, Eisendle K. Prolonged social isolation of the elderly during COVID-19: between benefit and damage. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. (2020) 89:104086. 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104086</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.archger.2020.104086</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7196375</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32388336</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Henssler J, Stock F, van Bohemen J, Walter H, Heinz A, Brandt L. Mental health effects of infection containment strategies: quarantine and isolation-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. (2021) 271:223&#x2013;34. 10.1007/s00406-020-01196-x</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1007/s00406-020-01196-x</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7538183</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33025099</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Baker M, Harris T, Stephenson D. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspect Psychol Sci. (2015) 10:227&#x2013;37. 10.1177/1745691614568352</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1177/1745691614568352</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">25910392</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Ashbrook A, Beaudoin S. Helping Older Adults Struggling Against Hunger Access Food in the Age of COVID-19. Washington, DC: Food Research &amp; Action Center; (2020).</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cudjoe TK, Kotwal AA. &#x201c;Social distancing&#x201d; amid a crisis in social isolation and loneliness. J Am Geriatr Soc. (2020) 68:E27&#x2013;9. 10.1111/jgs.16527</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1111/jgs.16527</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7267573</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32359072</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Badr H, Oluyomi A, Adel Fahmideh M, Raza SA, Zhang X, El-Mubasher O, et al. . Psychosocial and health behavioural impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on adults in the USA: protocol for a longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Open. (2020) 10:e044642. 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044642</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044642</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7757396</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33371050</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Abuelgasim E, Saw LJ, Shirke M, Zeinah M, Harky A. COVID-19: unique public health issues facing Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities. Curr Prob Cardiol. (2020) 45:100621. 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100621</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2020.100621</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7207142</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32448759</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Thomas PA, Liu H, Umberson D. Family relationships and well-being. Innovation Aging. (2017) 1:igx025. 10.1093/geroni/igx025</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/geroni/igx025</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC5954612</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">29795792</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Addressing Loneliness &amp; Social Isolation During the Pandemic . National Institute for Health Care Management (2020). Available online at: https://nihcm.org/publications/addressing-loneliness-social-isolation-during-the-pandemic</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Young A. Addressing Social Isolation for Older Adults During the COVID-19 Crisis. Arlington, VA: ADvancing States; (2020).</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Johnson K, Wood L. Strategies to Address Social Isolation and Loneliness During COVID-19. Washington, DC: National Governors Association; (2020).</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Ming LC, Untong N, Aliudin N, Osili N, Kifli N, Tan CS, et al. . Mobile health apps on COVID-19 launched in the early days of the pandemic: content analysis and review. JMIR mHealth uHealth. (2020) 8:e19796. 10.2196/19796</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.2196/19796</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7505686</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32609622</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Levinger P, Hill KD. The impact of mass media campaigns on physical activity participation on a global scale: lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. J Phys Act Health. (2020) 17:857&#x2013;8. 10.1123/jpah.2020-0387</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1123/jpah.2020-0387</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32788410</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Smith ML, Steinman LE, Casey E. Combatting social isolation among older adults in a time of physical distancing: the COVID-19 social connectivity paradox. Front Public Health. (2020) 8:403. 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00403</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.3389/fpubh.2020.00403</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7396644</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32850605</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Anderson GO, Thayer CE. Loneliness and Social Connections: A National Survey of Adults 45 and Older. Washington, DC: AARP Foundation; (2018).</Citation></Reference><Reference><Citation>Gauthier GR, Smith JA, Garc&#xed;a C, Garcia MA, Thomas PA. Exacerbating inequalities: social networks, racial/ethnic disparities, and the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. J Gerontol Ser B. (2021) 76:e88&#x2013;92. 10.1093/geronb/gbaa117</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1093/geronb/gbaa117</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7454830</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32756978</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Diamond LC, Jacobs EA, Karliner L. Providing equitable care to patients with limited dominant language proficiency amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Patient Educ Counsel. (2020) 103:1451. 10.1016/j.pec.2020.05.028</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.pec.2020.05.028</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7304953</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32571503</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Buheji M, Buheji A. Intelligent living with &#x2018;ageing parents'during COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Psychol Behav Sci. (2020) 10:76&#x2013;83. 10.5923/j.ijpbs.20201003.03</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.5923/j.ijpbs.20201003.03</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">0</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Brinkhues S, Dukers-Muijrers NH, Hoebe CJ, Van Der Kallen CJ, Dagnelie PC, Koster A, et al. . Socially isolated individuals are more prone to have newly diagnosed and prevalent type 2 diabetes mellitus-the Maastricht study&#x2013;. BMC Public Health. (2017) 17:1&#x2013;12. 10.1186/s12889-017-4948-6</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1186/s12889-017-4948-6</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC5735891</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">29254485</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Luchetti M, Lee JH, Aschwanden D, Sesker A, Strickhouser JE, Terracciano A, et al. . The Trajectory of loneliness in response to COVID-19. Am Psychol. (2020) 75:897&#x2013;908. 10.1037/amp0000690</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1037/amp0000690</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7890217</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">32567879</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Ida S, Kaneko R, Imataka K, Okubo K, Shirakura Y, Azuma K, et al. . Factors associated with social isolation and being homebound among older patients with diabetes: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. (2020) 10:e037528. 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037528</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037528</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pmc">PMC7646328</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">33154045</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Cohen-Mansfield J, Hazan H, Lerman Y, Shalom V. Correlates and predictors of loneliness in older-adults: a review of quantitative results informed by qualitative insights. Int Psychogeriatr. (2016) 28:557. 10.1017/S1041610215001532</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1017/S1041610215001532</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">26424033</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference><Reference><Citation>Shankar A, Hamer M, McMunn A, Steptoe A. Social isolation and loneliness: relationships with cognitive function during 4 years of follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Psychosomat Med. (2013) 75:161&#x2013;70. 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827f09cd</Citation><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1097/PSY.0b013e31827f09cd</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">23362501</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></Reference></ReferenceList></PubmedData></PubmedArticle></PubmedArticleSet>