Emission factors and emission inventory of diesel vehicles in Nepal.

A comprehensive emission inventory of the transport sector through fuel-based emission factors (EFs) was developed for the first time in Nepal. This study estimates air pollutants emission from diesel vehicles between the years 1989 and 2018 based on national statistical data, average vehicle kilometers travelled, fuel mileage, and measurement-based EFs for each vehicle category during idle and moving conditions. The consumption of diesel by vehicle category was also estimated and total consumption was compared with national sales data. The Monte Carlo was used to estimate uncertainties. Nationally, total diesel consumption was estimated as 892,770 kL (85-115%) in 2017/18, 13.4 times higher than 1989/90. Ratnoze1 and Microaeth were used to conduct the tail pipe emission measurements. The fuel-based EFs of CO, CO, BC, and PM were calculated through the carbon mass balance method. Of all diesel vehicles measured (n = 29) during idling, the average EFs were estimated as CO 2600 (99-101%), CO 33.3 (44-156%), BC 0.6 (25-101%), and PM 5.2 (0-235%) in unit of g L. For moving conditions (n = 5), the average EFs were estimated to be CO 2476 (90-110%), CO 97.3 (0-232%), BC 1.7 (46-110%), and PM 20.7 (0-255%), all in g L. Multiplying fuel consumption by EFs, national air pollutant emissions were estimated as 2214 (90-110%) to 2781(85-115%) for CO 27.7 (42-158%) to 88.8 (0-232%) for CO, 0.51 (23-177%) to 3.55 (46-110%) for BC and 3.42 (0-236%) to 23.47 (0-255%) for PM in 2017/18 in unit of Gg. This paper recommends revising national vehicle mass emission standards based on the findings of this study and including and enhancing sustainable low-carbon transport through amendment of transport policy.