Fruit softening exacerbates mechanical damage incurred during shipping and handling and the increase in pathogen susceptibility. Here, oligogalacturonides (OGs) produced by fungal polygalacturonase (PG) delayed fruit softening in tomato and maintained fruit firmness at 8.37 ± 0.45 N at 13 d of storage, which was consistent with the fruit firmness level of 5 d in the control groups. From RNA sequencing data in line production of phytohormones, we confirmed ethylene and jasmonic acid signals, the MAPK signaling cascade, and calmodulin involved in the OG-mediated firmness response of whole fruit. , , and were the major contributing factors for fruit softening, and their expression decreased continuously upon OG application. Suppression of the expression of ethylene response factors using a virus-induced gene-silencing strategy revealed that was negatively involved in OG-restrained fruit softening. Taken together, these results indicated that fungal PG-generated OGs have potential application value in controlling tomato fruit softening.
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