AI Article Synopsis

  • Diabetes mellitus has two main types, type 1 and type 2, differentiated by traits such as clinical signs, age of onset, genetic factors, and disease mechanisms.
  • Recent research shows type 1 diabetes can involve insulin resistance, while type 2 diabetes may have autoimmune features, suggesting that both types can overlap in unexpected ways.
  • The traditional view of diabetes as being strictly autoimmune or non-autoimmune is shifting towards a more complex understanding, recognizing a range of conditions influenced by genetics and environment that create varying immune responses between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Article Abstract

Purpose Of Review: Diabetes mellitus can be categorized into two major variants, type 1 and type 2. A number of traits such as clinical phenotype, age at disease onset, genetic background, and underlying pathogenesis distinguish the two forms.

Recent Findings: Recent evidence indicates that type 1 diabetes can be accompanied by insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes exhibits self-reactivity. These two previously unknown conditions can influence the progression and outcome of the disease. Unlike most conventional considerations, diabetes appears to consist of a spectrum of intermediate phenotypes that includes monogenic and polygenic loci linked to inflammatory processes including autoimmunity, beta cell impairment, and insulin resistance. Here we discuss why a shift of the classical bi-modal view of diabetes (autoimmune vs. non-autoimmune) is necessary in favor of a model of an immunological continuum of endotypes lying between the two extreme "insulin-resistant" and "autoimmune beta cell targeting," shaped by environmental and genetic factors which contribute to determine specific immune-conditioned outcomes.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8668851PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-021-01430-3DOI Listing

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