Background: Controversy exists regarding surveillance of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis to increase patency. A significant reduction in volume flow rate (VFR) should lead to diagnostic evaluation and eventually intervention. Several methods are available for VFR measurements, but all of them are associated with low reproducibility. VFR trend analysis is suggested as an improved solution. It is therefore a need to find user-friendly, cost and time-effective modalities. We present a novel Doppler ultrasound device (earlybird) which could bridge this gap. It includes an easy-to-use and light-weight single element transducer.
Methods: In an experimental and clinical setting, we compared earlybird to duplex ultrasound to assess VFR. In a closed circuit of blood-mimicking fluid, 36 paired calculations of calibrated, duplex ultrasound and earlybird VFR was measured. In addition, 23 paired recordings of duplex ultrasound and earlybird VFR was measured in 16 patients with underarm arteriovenous fistulas. Pearson correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient, root-mean-square and Bland-Altman plots were analyzed.
Results: Strong correlation ( = 0.991, < 0.001), and excellent level of agreement (ICC = 0.970 (95% CI 0.932 - 0.985), < 0.001) between earlybird and the calibrated VFR was found in the experimental setup. This was confirmed in the clinical setting, with a strong correlation ( = 0.781, < 0.001) and moderate to good level of agreement (ICC = 0.750 (95% CI 0.502-0.885), < 0.001) between earlybird and duplex ultrasound VFR measured at the arteriovenous fistulas outflow veins. In the Bland-Altman plot-analysis for the experimental setup, we found smaller limits of agreement, a smaller consistent and proportional bias, as well as greater accuracy of earlybird than DUS when compared to the calibrated VFR.
Conclusion: Earlybird is a feasible tool for VFR measurements and could be a future promising device for easy assessment and surveillance of AVF for hemodialysis.
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